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Osteopathic medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States. Osteopathic physicians (D.O.s) are licensed to practice medicine and surgery in all 50 states and are recognized in sixty five other countries, including all Canadian provinces. Frontier physician Andrew Taylor Still founded the profession as a rejection of the prevailing system of medical thought of the 19th century. Still's techniques relied on manipulation of joints and bones, to diagnose and treat illness, and he called his practices “osteopathy”. By the middle of the 20th century, the profession had moved closer to mainstream medicine, adopting modern public health and biomedical principles. American "osteopaths" became "osteopathic medical physicians", ultimately achieving full practice rights as medical doctors in all 50 states, including serving in the U.S. armed forces as physicians. In the 21st century, the training of osteopathic medical physicians in the United States is very similar to the training of Doctors of Medicine (M.D.s).〔Dennis L. Kasper, Eugene Braunwald, Anthony S. Fauci, Stephen L. Hauser, Dan L. Longo, J. Larry Jameson, and Kurt J. Isselbacher, Eds.''(Chapter 10. Complementary and Alternative Medicine )'' Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Ed. 2005. McGraw Hill.〕 Osteopathic medical physicians attend four years of medical school followed by an internship and a minimum two years of residency. They use all conventional methods of diagnosis and treatment. Though still trained in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), the modern derivative of Still's techniques,〔(''Osteopathicmedicine.'' ) Intelihealth.com. accessed Dec 2007.〕 they work in all specialties of medicine. OMT is a skill they use often in family practice, sports medicine, emergency medicine, but OMT is not commonly used in specialties such as dermatology, surgery, or other fields that do not lend themselves to correcting the body with their hands.〔 In modern medicine, any distinction between the M.D. and the D.O. professions has eroded steadily; diminishing numbers of D.O. graduates enter primary care fields,〔Lloyd, Janice.(Doctor shortage looms as primary care loses its pull. ) USA Today. 18 Aug 2009. Accessed 08 Sept 2009.〕 fewer use OMT, and increasing numbers of osteopathic graduates choose to train in non-osteopathic residency programs. Discussions about the future of modern medicine frequently debate the utility of maintaining separate, distinct pathways for educating physicians in the United States.〔 ==Nomenclature== Physicians and surgeons who graduate from osteopathic medical schools are known as physicians or osteopathic medical physicians.〔 Upon graduation, they are conferred a professional doctorate, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.). Osteopathic curricula in other countries differ from those in the United States. European-trained practitioners of osteopathic manipulative techniques are referred to as "osteopaths": their scope of practice excludes most medical therapies and relies more on osteopathic manipulative medicine and alternative medical modalities.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Difference Between U.S.-trained Osteopathic Physicians and Osteopaths Trained Abroad )〕 While it was once common for D.O. graduates in the United States to refer to themselves as 'osteopaths,' this term is now considered archaic and those holding the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree are commonly referred to as 'osteopathic medical physicians'.〔(Guide for Reporting on Osteopathic Medicine. ) American Osteopathic Association website. Accessed 17 May 2012.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Osteopathic medicine in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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